Bone cancer is not common. However, they make up a much smaller percentage of all cancers in the United States. While they do form at any age, they most often are found in younger adults, children and teens than in middle-aged adults. Primary bone cancers are known as primary bone sarcomas. Secondary bone cancer is any cancer that develops from malignant melanoma that has spread to the bone.
Radiation has been the standard treatment for bone cancer over the past two decades or so. Two types of radiation are used: external beam radiotherapy or X-rays, and internal brachytherapy or gamma-ray. Some cancers have a high tolerance to internal radiotherapy and external beam radiation; however, some cancers have a lower tolerance. Bone cancer that has a lower tolerance to radiation usually responds very well to chemotherapy and bone marrow transplant. Bone cancer that responds very well to these treatments often responds very well to biologic therapy, particularly if the malignant cell is not resistant to the drugs.
There are three types of bone cancer. The first is osteosarcoma, which forms when the tumor grows large enough to cause a break in one of your bones. This kind of cancer often begins in a growth that extends into another part of the body. This second part may be the cartilage. If the tumor spreads to an artery or vein, it is referred to as capillaries cancer.
Finally, malignant melanoma is a type of bone cancer that grows and spreads rapidly. It generally forms in cells that have already spread to other parts of the body, such as lymphoma or white blood cells. Unlike osteosarcoma, melanoma accounts for more deaths than any other type of cancer of the bones. It accounts for more deaths due to other types of tumors of the lymphatic system and the bone.
Other causes of bone cancers include radiation therapy for non-melanoma skin cancer and radiation therapy for skin cancer (otherwise called as melanoma). Radiation therapy kills off cancerous cells by removing them from the area where they are located. Non-melanoma skin cancers sometimes respond well to this treatment. However, cancerous cells cannot always be removed surgically.
Secondary osteosarcoma are usually caused by tumors that have spread to other areas of the bone. These secondary types of bone cancer usually show up later (between the time of diagnosis and the time of surgery) when the disease has spread significantly. Secondary osteosarcoma are classified according to their location on the bone (the section that actually contains the cells). They can include primary osteosarcoma, metastatic osteosarcoma, secondary diffuse osteosarcoma, and metastatic paraganglioma.
There are also some risk factors for this cancer that doctors need to keep in mind. The risk factors that are related to this type of bone cancer are gender, age, race, family history of bone cancer, and height and weight. Although radiation therapy for non-melanoma skin cancer is less common today than it was in the past (due to the improvements in radiation therapy), it still occurs regularly.
The treatment for osteosarcoma varies depending on the type of bone cancer that has developed. Treatment options depend on how advanced the cancer has become. When there are only one tumor rather than multiple tumors, the treatment for the single tumor is most often successful. When multiple tumors have developed and spread into several bones, the treatment options for these multiple tumors often compete with radiation therapy for the purpose of trying to kill off all of the cancer cells present in the bones. However, if the tumors are still in early stages, surgery might be the best option.
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